DECENTRALIZED WEB

 The decentralization and democratization of information was the distinguishing feature of the internet and Web1, while Web2 corporations wanted to create walled gardens to retain consumers within their ecosystems.

The internet was developed in the 1960s and 1970s, at the peak of the Cold War. The US created a decentralized network of numerous computers spread out across the nation so that its defense system would continue to function even after a nuclear assault by the Soviet Union. Tim Berners-Lee later developed the World Wide Web, one of the first internet applications, in the 1990s. Users could easily “surf” the internet and browse material with browsers like Microsoft Internet Explorer. It was decentralized (run by standard computers), open-source (anyone could build on it without restriction), and read-only (very few people had the technical skill to publish on it).

Web2 started in the middle of the 2000s when websites like Facebook and YouTube first appeared. Regardless of technological ability, anyone could publish content online using these platforms. The decentralization and democratization of information were the distinguishing features of the internet and Web1, while Web2 corporations wanted to create walled gardens to retain consumers within their ecosystems. In fact, with Web2, information is being more compartmentalized and controlled by a small number of powerful technology firms.

The centralized control of data and power has been a major component of the Web2 era. Virtually all web programs, including Facebook, Twitter, Gmail, and others, are centralized on servers owned by a select few big businesses. Companies keep users’ data in their control so that users don’t have to, and their terms of service govern how data is handled. For instance, a small number of businesses dominate a disproportionate amount of the global market for cloud infrastructure, with Amazon, Microsoft, and Google holding over 65% of the market. In terms of online traffic rather than data storage, Facebook had 2.9 billion monthly active users in 2021, or more than 60% of active internet users worldwide. Simply put, a small number of powerful technological businesses effectively dictate what users see and do online. As a result, rather than becoming a democracy (where users own and control their data), the internet has changed into something more akin to an oligopoly (where a few firms possess and manage user data).

The quickest option for centralized enterprises to provide reliable infrastructure to fuel Web3’s dApp ecosystems is to build several blockchain nodes in AWS data centers and enable developers to use them from anywhere for a fee. A few participants in the market accomplished just that, albeit at the cost of decentralization. This has left the ecosystem susceptible to threats and at the mercy of a few strong entities.

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For users and creators, this centralization causes problems, including:

Economic problems

In contrast to users and creators, value accrues to intermediaries and, consequently, a select group of people (i.e., founders, employees, and investors). Because platform advertising regulations and algorithms are subject to change, this presents difficulties for creators whose advertising revenue may be drastically affected. Numerous major platforms impose hefty take rates (20%+) on their creators, which reduces their profitability.

Source: Lillian Chen

Social problems

Web2 companies frequently retain, use, and sell user data. Data privacy and user sovereignty issues may result from this. For instance, Facebook has come under fire for allegedly prioritizing engagement on its platform over a few ethical considerations. It experienced a hack in October 2018 that compromised the data of more than 50 million members. Additionally, 91% of American people, according to Pew Research, concur that consumers no longer have any control over how businesses gather and utilize their personal information.

Distributive problems

Platforms govern how users connect with their peers and how content is distributed on Web2. This may have important ramifications for creators whose companies rely on these sites. For instance, because it competes with Periscope, similar software that Twitter just bought, the mobile video streaming app Meerkat was essentially banned from Twitter.

Political problems

Platforms like Facebook and Twitter have emerged as key players in the presidential election results and have been charged with spreading false information. Additionally, these businesses have been compelled to weigh in on political discussions. For instance, in January 2021, Twitter famously suspended President Donald Trump’s account. Governments can easily censor access to centralized servers, as was the case when Turkey stopped access to Wikipedia.

Simply said, the current web has a number of issues. With the goal of regaining user and creator sovereignty, Web3 aims to address these problems. The switch to Web3 has a number of possible advantages, including:

Economic

Web3 fully supports open economies in which everyone benefits. Web3 includes new digital primitives, including fungible and non-fungible tokens, which users can utilize to participate in growth where centralized Web2 platforms did not allow for this. These assets give users ownership of their project contributions.

Social

Users can choose which data and information they will share through Web3 projects. The decentralized web aims to separate itself from businesses that control the flow of information on the internet and gather, store, and sell user data.

Source: Naval Ravikant

Distribution

With Web3, users can turn the tables on platforms. Applications can be developed on top of one another using Web3 composability and data transparency, which goes beyond the traditional perception of platforms as walled gardens. Due to this, tech and product distribution are fundamentally transformed, and open social networks are made possible.

Source: Pim de Witte

Political

Web2 gave centralized organizations command over distribution. Web3 aims to decentralize this decision-making process by giving project communities control over governance. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), which are owned and operated by tokens, are emerging from these online communities. Decisions in DAOs are made by the members. Thus, formerly centralized decisions on revenue, censorship and other matters are now decentralized among DAO members.

Some Business Ideas in India

To make the ideas for business fruitful and working focus on those activities that help you generate a good amount of financials and also a good ROI.. You don't have to do a huge business but just the right plan and a good execution will make way for it. An idea of a business plan works if you measure the time and save by establishing rules in your business and thus spend a lot of time on your business.

ROI can be measured by the prestige of the company and the industry as such and how much the opportunities the company has.

• Will your business idea lead to a bigger business and success?
  • To determine this, you have to analyze your vision and mission of the company. If you spend a focused time and move closer to your goal then will you reach your desired outcome?
    
    How would you determine the returns from your business?Determine the cash outflow. The outflow cash need to be determined in advance.
    Will the ROI help in reduction of the errors?Determine how the ROI will impact your business
    How will it increase the time and the prestige of my company?
    

    
    
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• This is to position your company as a business leader and also entice all your business prospects. There are numerous things that you can do with a good business idea in India. The investment wouldn't be high but with a minimal amount of capital you can start being your own master.
Here are a few ideas that you can take up as a startup business idea:

Indian internet economy

Internet’s contribution to GDP will grow from $30 billion to $100 billion by 2015

The Internet has established its role as a powerful economic force multiplier with a new study projecting that its contribution to India’s GDP will explode to $100 billion (Rs. 5 lakh crore) by 2015 from $30 billion (Rs.1.5 lakh crore) at present.

The study on the “Impact of Internet on the Indian Economy” by McKinsey, which is still to be released, could well become a new anchor for the government’s programmes to enhance digital citizenship.

Revealing the highlights of the study, in the presence of Telecom Minister Kapil Sibal at a curtain raiser held to announce a two-day multistakeholder conference on Internet governance to be held at FICCI here on October 4-5, McKinsey said the contribution of the Internet to global GDP is roughly three per cent or $1.7 trillion and its performance in India will eventually mirror this trend.

The world currently has 2 billion Internet users, of whom 50 per cent live outside the developed world. The global Internet population is projected to climb to 2.6-2.9 billion by 2015. According to McKinsey, of this, 30 “aspiring countries” with a very high economic growth have seen Internet users grow at five times the level in the developed world. In the next 10 years, netizens in these 30 countries are projected to grow at 10 times the pace in the developed world.

By 2015, based on existing projections, India, which with 120 million users has the third largest Internet user base in the world, is projected to hit 350 million, catapulting it to a global ranking of 2, with the fastest rate of growth. An alternative growth model used by McKinsey, factoring in the trend that wireless-based expansion usually overshoots any standard formula, presents a more ambitious forecast of half a billion Internet users by 2015. This is good news for mobile companies since three out of every four or 75 per cent of all new Internet users in India are expected to go online, using wireless devices. Globally, 15-20 per cent of the users access Internet on wireless technologies, while in India this figure will eventually be closer to 55 per cent.

                                 
                            

Why Do Not Indian People Get Noble In Science & Technology ??

Few Indian are willing to pursue a career in research in their own country as the enabling environment for it is missing.

Mr.Manmohan singh,who is the prime minister of India urged scientists to give top priority to research that would address pressing problems in the country,such ass energy security,agricultural productivity,safe drinking water and sanitation.

scientists across disciplines to collaborate with one another and with private research labs to foster innovation that would improve living conditions in India.

If that is happen,the country would first need an environment for research.A recent survey by the national bureau of economic research in the united states contains some revealing numbers.Switzerland has the highest rate of immigrant scientists and the united states,unsurprisingly,is the most popular academic destination around the world.

But shocking for India,40% of its research are emigrating to pursue their search abroad; the aspiring economic powerhouse is at the bottom of the list for retaining research talent..

So why does a country with trillion dollar economy not attract its own researches??

The protection and utilisation of public funded intellectual property bill(PUPFIP) the Indian equivalent of the Bayh-Dohle act,has been pending in parliament since 2008.if passed,it could help to leverage the best out of the intellectual properties of patents.A recent report from the Indian school business estimates that the total R&D spending of the top 100 companies is Rs.11500 crore,Only 13 percent of it goes into partnerships universities.

Intellectual property regulation and awareness could assist in increasing this share of spending by corporates in building university research centres.